If you thought power-generating bicycles were brilliant by themselves, imagine if you could turn the energy you produce while bicycling into credits you can use anywhere else in the public transit system. Essentially, users are reimbursed for riding, emissions are reduced and everyone wins.

The system (by Chiyu Chen)  is simple: a user rents a bike with an ID or credit card, charges it simply by using it, then plugs it back into the grid from which the energy is transferred to electric city buses. More riding makes more power means more credits the next time it is too cold, hot, wet or whatnot to ride a bike.

Beyond the sustainability benefits of such a system, there would be a net positive impact for the health of citizens who would be further encouraged to bike (because of the availability and credits) and for the city as a whole that would benefit from less congestion and pollution caused by vehicles.

Researchers are adapting the same methods used in fusion-energy research to create extremely thin plasma beams for a new class of “nanolithography” required to make future computer chips.

Current technology uses ultraviolet light to create the fine features in computer chips in a process called photolithography, which involves projecting the image of a mask onto a light-sensitive material, then chemically etching the resulting pattern.

New nanolithography will be needed to continue advances in computer technology and to extend Moore’s law, an unofficial rule stating that the number of transistors on integrated circuits, or chips, doubles about every 18 months.

“We can’t make devices much smaller using conventional lithography, so we have to find ways of creating beams having more narrow wavelengths,” said Ahmed Hassanein, the Paul L. Wattelet Professor of Nuclear Engineering and head of Purdue’s School of Nuclear Engineering.

The new plasma-based lithography under development generates “extreme ultraviolet” light having a wavelength of 13.5 nanometers, less than one-tenth the size of current lithography, Hassanein said.

Nuclear engineers and scientists at Purdue and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory are working to improve the efficiency of two techniques for producing the plasma: One approach uses a laser and the other “discharge-produced” method uses an electric current.

“In either case, only about 1 to 2 percent of the energy spent is converted into plasma,” Hassanein said. “That conversion efficiency means you’d need greater than 100 kilowatts of power for this lithography, which poses all sorts of engineering problems. We are involved in optimizing conversion efficiency – reducing the energy requirements – and solving various design problems for the next-generation lithography.”

Findings are detailed in a research paper scheduled to appear in the October-December 2009 issue of the Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS. The paper was written by Hassanein, senior research scientist Valeryi Sizyuk, computer analyst Tatyana Sizyuk, and research assistant professor Sivanandan Harilal, all in the School of Nuclear Engineering.

Critical to the research is a computer simulation, called HEIGHTS — for high-energy interaction with general heterogeneous target systems — developed by Hassanein’s team. Computations for a single HEIGHTS simulation using Argonne supercomputers can take several months to finish, said Hassanein, a former Argonne senior scientist who led work there to develop HEIGHTS.

The laser method creates plasma by heating xenon, tin or lithium. The plasma produces high-energy packets of light, called photons, of extreme ultraviolet light.

Plasma is a partially ionized gaslike material that conducts electricity. Because of this electrical conductivity, researchers are able to use magnetic fields to shape and control plasmas, forming beams, filaments and other structures. In experimental fusion reactors, magnetic fields are used to keep plasma-based nuclear fuel from touching the metal walls of the containment vessel, enabling the plasma to be heated to the extreme temperatures required to maintain fusion reactions.

HEIGHTS simulates the entire process of the plasma evolution: the laser interacting with the target, and the target evaporating, ionizing and turning into a plasma. The simulation also shows what happens when the magnetic forces “pinch” the plasma cloud into a smaller diameter spot needed to generate the photons.

Findings in the paper detail the laser-produced plasma beams, showing that simulations match data from laboratory experiments recently built at Purdue, Hassanein said.

“It was very exciting to see this match because it means we are on the right track,” Hassanein said. “The computer simulations tell us how to optimize the entire system and where to go next with the experiments to verify that.”

One design challenge stems from the fact that lenses absorb the photons that make up light, meaning they cannot be used to focus the beam. Instead, mirrors are used in the design. However, plasma condenses on the mirrors, reducing their reflectivity and limiting the efficiency of the process.

“We are trying to help find innovative ways of producing these photons, optimizing the production and mitigating the effects of the plasma on the mirrors,” Hassanein said. “So we are trying to improve the entire system.”

The simulation tool combines computations in plasma physics, radiation transport, atomic physics, plasma-material interactions and magnetohydrodynamics, or what happens when a target is heated, melts and turns into a plasma.

The work is based at the Center for Materials Under Extreme Environments at Purdue. Previous support came from Intel Corp and Sematech, an industry consortium formed to advance computer technology.